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Zewnetrzne Karpaty Zachodnie
Gorce
Area description
Gorczański potok, fot. Ewa i Maciej Gądek
Mountain stream, photo. Ewa and Maciej Gadek
Steep slopes cut through by river valleys create a unique and picturesque landscape of Gorce mountains. Untouched by human activity coniferous and broad-leaved forests, natural grassland, scenic meadows with wooden shepherds' cabins are a characteristic feature of this region. Gorce are a valuable bird refuge where you can observe as many as 15 bird species important for the preservation of the European biodiversity.

Location
The area is located within the mountain range of Gorce, which area a part of the Western Beskidy mountains. The area comprises upper parts of the drainage basin of the Kamienica river and partly also drainage basins of other rivers of Gorce,. It includes peaks of the Jaworzyna (1288 m a.s.l.), Kudlon (1276 m a.s.l.) and Mostownica (1251 m a.s.l.) within the Gorczanski National Park.

Mountain range of Gorce is  approximately 33 km long, 15 km wide and cover the area of 500 km2.

Landscape
Gorce charakteryzują faliste szczyty i strome stoki, w które ostro wcinają się doliny Raby i Dunajca. Najwyższym wzniesieniem Gorców jest Turbacz (1310 m n.p.m.), od którego odchodzi szereg pasm górskich, nadając Gorcom charakterystyczny kształt rozgwiazdy. Zachodnie ramię tworzą szczyty Bukowina (1140m), Średni Wierch (1114m), Obidowca (1102 m), na północ od Turbacza  rozciąga się grzbiet Turbaczyka (1091m), od północnego - wschodu wznosi się Mostownica (1244m) i Kudłoń (1274m), od wschodu znajdują się Jaworzyny (1288m) i Gorca (1228m). Turbacz od południa graniczy z krótkim pasmem Góra Waksmundzka (1105m), za którą rozpościera się Kotlina Nowotarska.

Gorce are characterised by wavy peaks and steep slopes, which cut into the valley of Raba and Dunajec rivers. The highest peak of Gorce is Turbacz ((1310 m asl.), which is located in the central part of the massif. Other peaks of Gorce include Bukowina (1140m), Sredni Wierch (1114m), Obidowca (1102 m) - in the west, Turbaczyk (1091m) in the south, Mostownica (1244m) and Kudlon (1274m) in the north-east, and Jaworzyna (1288m) and Gorc (1228m) in the east.

Ecosystem
The majority of the area is covered by mountain forests (95% of the area) with the dominance of spruce, beech and fir. The top zones of mountains are covered by vast glades that undergo slow overgrowing by forest in the effect of reduction or a complete cease of cattle and sheep grazing. The higher sub-alpine forest zone is formed by pine forest, in the lower zone Carpathian beech forest and coniferous forest associations predominate, in stream valleys - Carpathian alder carr. Fragments of drying trees occur locally, vulnerable to falling during strong winds (e.g. on the Mostownica slopes).

The fauna of the region is typical for mountain areas. Gorce are home for protected reptiles - Fire Salamander, which is the symbol of Gorce National Park, Great Crested Newt, Yellow-Bellied Toad and Common Toad.  Representatives of the world of amphibians include: Sand Lizard, Common European Adder and Grass Snake.

Gorce are an important bird refuge. Representative species are of the region are:

  • Three-toed Woodpecker,
  • White-backed Woodpecker,
  • Grey-headed Woodpecker,
  • Tengmalm's Owl,
  • Eurasian Pygmy Owl,
  • Ural Owl,
  • Eurasian Eagle-owl,
  • Black Grouse,
  • Capercaillie,
  • Hazel Grouse,
  • Honey Buzzard,
  • Black Stork,
  • Red-breasted Flycatcher,
  • Black Woodpecker.

Among mammals the most valuable are European Lynx, Grizzly Bears, Deer, Red deer, wild boars, fat dormice, hazel dormice, forest dormice.

Nature protection
In order to protect the unique mountain forests covering the slopes of Gorce in 1981 Gorce National Park was established. Nowadays it covers the area of  7 030 ha, including 3 611ha under strict protection. Firs nature reserve in Gorce was create in 1927 - forest reserve by the name of Wladyslaw Orkan.

Malgorzata Misztal